Learning Differences
What are Specific Learning Differences?
Learning differences are brain-based variations in how people acquire, process, store, or express information. They are part of natural neurodiversity, not a reflection of intelligence or potential. Many individuals with learning differences demonstrate strong problem-solving skills, creativity, or persistence, while also facing challenges in traditional academic settings.
Common Types of Learning Differences
Dyslexia (reading) – Challenges with fluent word recognition, spelling, and decoding. This can affect reading, writing, and spelling, but individuals with dyslexia often excel in big-picture thinking and creativity.
Dyscalculia (mathematics) – Challenges understanding or applying numerical concepts. This may affect arithmetic, sequencing, or math problem-solving, though many with dyscalculia excel in verbal, artistic, or creative domains.
Dysgraphia (writing) – Challenges with handwriting, spelling, and organizing written work. Despite difficulties with written output, many individuals are strong verbal communicators or thinkers.
Auditory Processing Differences (APD) – Difficulty processing spoken information, particularly in noisy environments. Strengths may include visual learning and creative problem-solving.
Visual Processing Differences (VPD) – Difficulty interpreting visual information, which can affect reading, writing, or recognizing patterns. Many with VPD thrive with auditory or hands-on learning strategies.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – While not a learning difference itself, ADHD can significantly impact academic performance due to challenges with focus, organization, and self-regulation. Many with ADHD are highly creative, energetic, and resilient.
Language Differences – Some individuals may experience developmental language challenges that affect vocabulary, grammar, or expression. These differences often co-occur with other neurodevelopmental profiles such as autism or learning differences.
Important Considerations
Each profile is unique – Individuals may experience a combination of differences, and the impact can range from mild to significant.
Not a measure of intelligence – Most people with learning differences have average to above-average intelligence, and many thrive once given the right supports.
Early identification matters – Recognizing and supporting learning differences early allows individuals to access accommodations, build on strengths, and develop strategies for success in school, work, and daily life.
Signs of Learning Differences
Learning differences can show up in different ways depending on age. The signs below do not confirm a diagnosis on their own, but noticing several patterns may indicate that a professional evaluation could be helpful.
Preschool (ages 3–5)
Difficulty pronouncing words or finding the right word
Trouble rhyming
Challenges learning the alphabet, numbers, colors, shapes, or days of the week
Difficulty following directions or routines
Fine motor struggles (e.g., crayons, scissors, coloring, buttons, zippers, tying shoes)
Early Elementary (ages 5–9)
Difficulty connecting letters with sounds
Trouble blending sounds into words
Slow or effortful reading; confusing common words
Struggles recognizing letters or sight words
Slow to learn new skills compared to peers
Frequent spelling errors or inconsistent spelling
Difficulty with basic math concepts or remembering sequences (e.g., counting, telling time)
Middle Childhood (ages 10–13)
Difficulty with reading comprehension
Struggles with math basics, word problems, and open-ended test questions
Avoids reading aloud; dislikes reading and writing
Poor handwriting or difficulty getting thoughts on paper
Disorganization (backpack, homework, desk, room)
Trouble following class discussions or expressing thoughts aloud
Inconsistent spelling of the same word in one piece of writing
Adults
Family history of learning differences
Early difficulties learning to read
Struggles with reading speed, reading aloud, reading comprehension, spelling, or writing
Difficulty learning a new/foreign language
Avoids reading when possible or finds it exhausting
Unclear underachievement in school or at work despite effort and ability
Next Steps
If you notice several of these signs in yourself or your child, consider taking a screening questionnaire. Screenings are not diagnostic, but they can help determine if a full evaluation is recommended. A comprehensive assessment can clarify strengths and challenges, guide accommodations, and open doors to strategies that help learning feel more accessible.
If you are concerned, you can start with a brief online screener. While not diagnostic, these tools can help determine whether a full evaluation may be beneficial. Examples include this Child Screener (also includes links for dyslexia and dyscalculia), and Adult Dyslexia Screener, Adult Math Screener, and Adult Dysgraphia Screener.
Resources
Understood.org – Learning Disability Resources for Families
At North Metro Psychological Services, we specialize in neurodiversity-affirming evaluations for children, teens, and adults. Our assessments highlight both strengths and challenges, and we provide tailored recommendations for school, work, and everyday life.
Contact us today to learn more or to schedule an evaluation.